WHITE PLAINS CITIZENETREPORTER 3,374,995 VISITS IN ONE YEAR—65,000 VISITS A WEEK BY 985,281 VISITORS

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WPCNR ART NEWS. From Hudson Valley Center for Contemporary Art. September 23, 2005: The weekend of Saturday, September 24 and Sunday, September 25, the Hudson Valley Center for Contemporary Art (HVCCA) launches its second annual citywide exhibition of cutting edge contemporary art by national and international artists.  The event will run weekends from September 24 through October 16, from 12-6pm, and will feature roughly 60 artworks by 80 artists, including painters, sculptors, photographers, video artists, installation and performance artists, and artists who defy categorization.  A celebration bash and artists’ reception will take place from 5:00-8:00 PM on Sunday September 25, at the HVCCA 1701 Main Street, Peekskill, New York.  While the Center’s staff, artists, curators, and members of the community toast the enormity of the event the real celebration takes place literally on the streets of Peekskill.

Underground Railroad and Yellow Brick Road featured. 

“The overwhelming response from the community, its business owners, residents and their children, not to mention the tremendous number of visitors drawn to the first Peekskill Project, speaks to the power of provocative works that are woven into the fabric of this town as well as those dynamic works that invite community participation,” observes Livia Straus, President and co-founder of the HVCCA. 

Launched with the goal of bringing contemporary art out of the museum and into the community, Straus believes that what differentiates Peekskill Project 2005 is its ability to stay focused on the works themselves while providing a virtually wide open forum for young, cutting edge artists.  Says Sara Pasti, HVCCA’s Executive Director,  “A unique aspect of this year’s project, also titled ‘Ghosts of Peekskill,’ is the number of artworks that explore Peekskill’s social, cultural and geographic history. 

Among the historical elements highlighted this year are Peekskill’s hidden brook, an Underground Railroad site, and the yellow brick road featured in Frank O. Baum’s ‘Wizard of Oz.’”

This year’s artists/art teams have been nominated by Curatorial Advisors, including the following nationally recognized curators: Nathalie Anglès (Curator, Location One Residency Program Director), Paul Clay (video artist and founding member, Fictive Studios), Susanna Cole (independent curator), Kari Conte (independent curator), Erin Donnelly (Curator, Lower Manhattan Cultural Council), Firefly (members of the Cultural Division of Amnesty International), Alison Levy (Organizer, Peekskill Project: 2004), Carmen Zita (independent curator, ZINC Art Management) and Ricardo Viera (Director of the Lehigh University Art Gallery).

This is also the second year that Project Coordinator Alison Levy has organized an extraordinary event requiring the coordination of dozens of participating venues, including local businesses, galleries, public spaces, factories, the HVCCA’s own backyard, and other sites scattered throughout the city.  Artwork will be sited in four distinct locations in Peekskill, including (1) the waterfront, (2) Peekskill’s historic commercial district, (3) Main Street and (4) HVCCA.  Artwork will be accessible by public transportation, including a special shuttle bus that will be provided to transport people from the train station, to downtown Peekskill, and to the HVCCA.   

“After the first Peekskill Project, many businesses asked whether the artwork could stay up,” said Alison Levy.  “They found that the works drew people into their stores and were good for business; we won a lot of public support as well.  Like last year’s project, Peekskill Project 2005 will again afford many with the opportunity to learn more about Peekskill’s history, while they and their children can actually work with and learn about a lot of exciting new artists.”  

The works are as varied as the emerging artists themselves, who represent nine countries and live and work in New York City and across the US.  Many of the artists create work that has not been widely seen in public settings.  Artists who are included in Peekskill Project 2005 are: Eric Angles, Eric Arctander, Jo-Ann Brody, Dean Friedman, Kelly Kivland and Stephanie Skaf, Edgar Orlaineta, Eliza Proctor, Micah Silver, Sarah Haviland, Erik Hanson and William Whalen, Pia Lindman, Ana Prvackii, Lise Prown, Gene Panczenko and Marcy Freedman, Luca Stoppini, Laurel Garcia Colvin, Justen Ladda, Robert Thurmer, Heather Mims, Rachel Winborn, Alicia Grullon, Lori Nozick, Union Docks, among many others.

 

Some of the specific projects that will be part of Peekskill Project 2005 are:

 

(1)    Wheels, a project by Dean Friedman, will feature a customized bicycle parade for local schoolchildren and artists who will be invited to participate in a decorate-your-own bicycle contest that uses the natural kinetic appeal of the bicycle to encourage creativity and artistic experimentation.

 

(2)    The World is My Soul/Sole, by Edgar Orlaineta, is an art “intervention” involving the installation of a number of rubber sandal straps directly to ground, so that the ground and/or floor becomes the sole of the sandals.  The piece invites the viewer to think about the places that we inhabit and travel.

 

(3)    Vision Project, by Rick Falco, presents photographic documentation of a ground breaking education program held at Fort Smith, near Peekskill. Vision Projects has focused on the use of photography to build awareness of social issues and human needs.  The photographs will be displayed in the windows of the Workman’s Compensation Bureau Bldg in downtown Peekskill.

 

(4)    Sound Installation for Ford Piano, by Micah Silver, will explore the individual and collective resonances of nearly 100 semi-functional pianos that will be activated with an array of loudspeakers featuring sound material from Ford Piano and from surrounding areas within the City of Peekskill.

 

(5)    Effervescence, Subtle Mass Orbs, by Erik Hanson and William Whalen, will consist of four massive helium-filled orbs (meteorological balloons) that will float in triangular geometric formation above a local Main Street factory building.  A speaker box playing manipulated white noise will offer an aural experience to complement the viewer’s visual experience.

 

(6)    Rosie Goes Wild, by Ana Pravci, a surface work of 3,300 stickers of life-size rivets, is conceived as a tribute to Rosie Hickey, who was also known as “Rosie the Riveter.”  She and her partner drilled 900 holes and placed 3,300 rivets in an airplane tail end within six hours at the former GM Eastern Aircraft plant in nearby North Tarrytown, NY. 

 

(7)    Inner Light: Quakers in Peekskill, by Sarah Haviland, is a mixed-media installation referring in part to the history of the Quakers who settled Peekskill and who built two meeting houses for worship in the 1800’s at the two ends of South Street.  Open in mind and spirit, the Quaker tradition helped to form this interracial community, and its legacy of conviction remains.

 

(8)    Hold the Line, by Joanne Brody, focuses, through sculptural works, on the memories of the artist as she recalls the turmoil faced by her family during the social and political turmoil that overtook Peekskill in the late 90’s

 

(10)Downtown Peekskill Walking Tour, conceived by Eric Angles, will present official tourist       information of three cities of similar sizes—Peekskill, NY (pop. 24,166); Graneros, Chile (pop. 24,115);       and Trou aux Biches, Mauritius (pop. 24,117)—in carefully crafted, weatherproof brochure racks in       several selected sites in Peekskill.  The juxtaposition of the brochures will cause viewers to think about       the ways in which towns and cities, including Peekskill, are presented and marketed to the world.

 

Nostalgia, an exhibition curated by Carmen Zita for the HVCCA, will feature works by artists Ann Hamilton, Mona Hatoum, Justen Ladda, Julian Laverdiere, Matvey Levenstein, Luca Stoppini, DustinYellin and Kristof Yvore.   Special exhibitions of artists’ works are also being featured at Peekskill galleries including Maxwell Fine Arts at 1204 Main Street, Casola Gallery at 927 South Street, and Gallery 25N at 25 North Division Street.

 

Artists’ performances, video screenings, conversations and panel discussions will take place at the HVCCA and other locations each weekend from Sept 24-Oct 16.    The closing celebration to be held on Sunday, October 16, beginning at 3:30pm, will feature a presentation by renowned video artist, Shirin Neshat.  Support for the “Ghosts of Peekskill:  Peekskill Project 2005” has been provided by Entergy Charitable Foundation, Ginsburg Development LLC, the Peekskill Business Improvement District, The City of Peekskill, The Peekskill Museum, Hudson River Community Health, and numerous other local businesses and organizations that are serving as sponsors for individual artworks.

 

HVCCA is a not-for-profit institution that opened to the public in June 2004.  Founded by the Marc and Livia Straus family, the Center is dedicated to the development and presentation of new art, exhibits and interdisciplinary programs that enrich our understanding of contemporary art, its contexts, and its relationships to societal issues.  The Center is committed to the enrichment of Peekskill, a multicultural community that has recreated itself as a major center for art and culture.  HVCCA operates a 12,000 square foot exhibition space in Peekskill and is the primary sponsor of the Peekskill Project, an annual, citywide exhibition of site-specific artwork.

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WPCNR SOUTHEND TIMES. By John F. Bailey. Septermber 22, 2005:  A resident of 23 Rosedale Avenue who lives in a 200 year old farmhouse on the corner of Saxon Woods Road, said today to the CitizeNetReporter that the field worker with Maser Consulting he spoke to  last week said definitely the study he was working on with his crew was for the widening of Saxon Wood Road from Mamaroneck Avenue to the Scarsdale line.

 

Neil Waldman in a telephone interview with CNR, said the crewman told him the study was commissioned from his company  by the City of White Plains because city surveyors were overworked with surveying other city projects.

 

Waldman said the crew was there before he and his family left on vacation three weeks ago and were still working up until the beginning of  this week, when he encountered the Maser field worker “in his backyard” on the corner of Saxon Woods Road and Rosedale Avenue.

 

Waldman reports the field worker told him “They (Maser Consulting) were hired to draw up a plan for widening of Saxon Woods Road and Rosedale Avenue, taking 10 feet on the East Side and 10 to 15 feet on the West side of Saxon Woods Road from White Plains to Scarsdale. He said the city had to figure how much property they would have to take, and what payments to homeowners were involved.”

 

Waldman said the field worker said, “before they started work they needed a preliminary survey of both sides.”

Waldman said, to his knowledge the city had allocated funds to repave Saxon Woods Road in 2008-2009, but was puzzled by the survey: “It doesn’t make sense. You don’t have to survey how to widen the road if you’re just repaving it.”

 

Mr. Waldman was very concerned about even speculative plans for widening Saxon Woods Road or his street, Rosedale Avenue, because of the granite nature of the terrain. He said that in the construction of the medical building on the corner of Mamaroneck Avenue and Rosedale Avenue, blasting to clear the site had cracked the swimming pool of the house next door to the medical building site. 

 

Waldman added that, in his opinion, widening of Saxon Woods Road to the extent being surveyed by reported city specifications  would require extensive blasting that would be dangerous to the structural intergrity of the homes in the neighborhood.

 

Waldman said the field worker was very politically sensitive reassuring Mr. Waldman, “telling me not to be concerned. This project may not happen.”

 

According to a high level source within the White Plains Department of Public Works, speaking to WPCNR Wednesday evening,  there is “no plan to widen Saxon Woods Road. This is the kind of routine survey we always do at the start of a project. It is just going to be repaved.”

 

WPCNR observes that Saxon Woods Road is used as a “cut through” by southbound afternoon rush hour traffic on the Hutchinson River Parkway seeking to avoid the perennial jam at the Mamaroneck Ave-Hutch interchange. Observers say the southbound motorists exit at North Street, turn onto Rosedale, follow it cross to Saxon Woods Road, and make a right and follow Saxon Woods Road to Old Mamaroneck Road  to get back on the Hutch southbound below the Saxon Woods Golf Course–  or they make right and follow Saxon Woods Road into Scarsdale, to connect with Post Road Southbound or to the Bronx River Parkway. 

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WPCNR MAIN STREET JOURNAL. By John F. Bailey. September 22, 2005: Donald J. Trump told the CitizeNetReporter this evening  the federal government has been in talks with him to rebuild the Hurricane Katrina devastated Gulf Region. Asked by WPCNR as he was leaving the White Plains Hospital Center Gala at Trump Tower Thursday evening, if the government had been talking to him about rebuilding the area, Trump told WPCNR, “Yeah, they’ve been talking to me about it. We’ll have to see what happens.”  He was reluctant to speak in more detail, and it could not be learned who was negotiating with Mr. Trump on the part of the federal government.

Donald J. Trump Arriving at Trump Tower at City Center for the building’s grand opening Wednesday evening, in an impromptu sidewalk press conference. Photo by WPCNR News

The revelation  to WPCNR that the  U.S. Government is considering bringing in  America’s best known most successful developer to the mission of Gulf region recovery, came after Trump had spoken to a Japanese television reporter who asked him about Hurricane Katrina damage, and Trump said “I may very well get involved down there.”

 

Louis Cappelli, “The Super Developer,” left, and Donald J. Trump, “The Super Dealer,” as Mr. Trump arrived fasionably late at the White Plains Hospital Center Gala. Photo by WPCNR News.

 

Louis Cappelli, “The Super Developer,” builder of Trump Tower at City Center, who was  hosting Mr. Trump later told WPCNR as the gala was winding down that Mr. Trump had told Mr. Cappelli  that the government had been talking to him, and that Mr. Trump had asked Mr. Cappelli what he thought. Cappelli said, “They have been talking to him about it. He talked to me about, asked what I thought. I told him it was a super opportunity for housing, retail, to build a whole new city. We’re talking over $200 Billion in development.”

 

Asked if he might join Mr. Trump to rebuild New Orleans and other hurricane devasted areas, Cappelli told WPCNR he would definitely consider it.

 

WPCNR asked Cappelli if he thought the below sea level condition of New Orleans was a problem. He said, “No, all you have to do is build the levees to withstand a Category 5 Hurricane.”

 

Asked if he was looking at building anywhere else in White Plains, Cappelli said, “Where? There’s no other land.”

 

Trump’s revelation that he’s been talking to government officials came after his appearance on the Fox Television Network show,  “ The O’Reilly Factor,” where Trump said the area could only be rebuilt by private developers receiving significant tax incentives, noting that, by Trump’s estimate they needed 600,000 units of housing, and most developers could only build 1,000 a year.

 

 

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WPCNR CORRECTION DEPARTMENT. By John F. Bailey. September 17, 2005: In an article posted September 15, WPCNR reported that Susan Habel, Commissioner of Planning, told the Comprehensive Planning Review Committee that there would be no development of the North Side of East Post Road (the Winbrook side of East Post Road) by White Plains Hospital as part of the yet-to-be-unveiled rehabilitation plan that has been rumored targeted for that area.   

In a telephone conversation today, Ms. Habel advised that she did not refer to a rehabilitation plan in her comments.  WPCNR did not intend to suggest that she had but, rather, to the fact that there have been rumors of such a plan.  Any suggestion Ms. Habel had referenced the plan should have been dispelled by the remainder of the article, which went on to report on a conference call on September 15, 2005, in which both Ms. Habel and City Executive officer Paul Wood stated that “there is no plan to develop the Lexington Avenue Post Road that exists at this time.” 

To the extent that any confusion still exists, WPCNR wishes to emphasize that Ms. Habel did not refer to a rehabilitation plan in her comments about development of the Winbrook side of East Post Road and that Ms. Habel and Mr. Wood have advised WPCNR that no such plan currently exists.

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WPCNR MILESTONES. September 17, 2005: Two hundred eighteen years ago Saturday, the Constitution of the United States was signed in Philadephia. Herewith is the Constitution, including the Bill of Rights. I especially like Amendment  I.

We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

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Article. I.

Section. 1.

All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.

Section. 2.

The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.

No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.

Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.

When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies.

The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.

Section. 3.

The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.

Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.

No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.

The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.

The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States.

The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present.

Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.

Section. 4.

The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators.

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day.

Section. 5.

Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide.

Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.

Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal.

Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.

Section. 6.

The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place.

No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office.

Section. 7.

All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.

Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States: If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it.If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law.

Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.

Section. 8.

The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;

To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;

To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;

To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;

To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;

To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States;

To establish Post Offices and post Roads;

To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;

To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;

To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations;

To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;

To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;

To provide and maintain a Navy;

To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces;

To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;

To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;–And

To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.

Section. 9.

The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.

The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.

No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.

No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.

No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State.

No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another; nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another.

No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.

No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.

Section. 10.

No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.

No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it’s inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress.

No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.

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Article. II.

Section. 1.

The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows:

Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.

The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President.

The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States.

No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.

In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.

The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them.

Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:–“I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.”

Section. 2.

The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.

He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.

The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.

Section. 3.

He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States.

Section. 4.

The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.

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Article III.

Section. 1.

The judicial Power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.

Section. 2.

The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;–to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;–to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;–to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;–to Controversies between two or more States;– between a State and Citizens of another State;–between Citizens of different States;–between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.

In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.

The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.

Section. 3.

Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.

The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted.

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Article. IV.

Section. 1.

Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.

Section. 2.

The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.

A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.

No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.

Section. 3.

New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.

The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State.

Section. 4.

The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic Violence.

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Article. V.

The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.

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Article. VI.

All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.

This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.

The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.

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Article. VII.

The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.

The Word, “the,” being interlined between the seventh and eighth Lines of the first Page, the Word “Thirty” being partly written on an Erazure in the fifteenth Line of the first Page, The Words “is tried” being interlined between the thirty second and thirty third Lines of the first Page and the Word “the” being interlined between the forty third and forty fourth Lines of the second Page.

Attest William Jackson Secretary

Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names,

G°. Washington
Presidt and deputy from Virginia

Delaware
Geo: Read
Gunning Bedford jun
John Dickinson
Richard Bassett
Jaco: Broom

Maryland
James McHenry
Dan of St Thos. Jenifer
Danl. Carroll

Virginia
John Blair
James Madison Jr.

North Carolina
Wm. Blount
Richd. Dobbs Spaight
Hu Williamson

South Carolina
J. Rutledge
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
Charles Pinckney
Pierce Butler

Georgia
William Few
Abr Baldwin

New Hampshire
John Langdon
Nicholas Gilman

Massachusetts
Nathaniel Gorham
Rufus King

Connecticut
Wm. Saml. Johnson
Roger Sherman

New York
Alexander Hamilton

New Jersey
Wil: Livingston
David Brearley
Wm. Paterson
Jona: Dayton

Pennsylvania
B Franklin
Thomas Mifflin
Robt. Morris
Geo. Clymer
Thos. FitzSimons
Jared Ingersoll
James Wilson
Gouv Morris

Preamble to The Bill of Rights Congress of the United States begun and held at the City of New-York, on Wednesday the fourth of March, one thousand seven hundred and eighty nine. THE Conventions of a number of the States, having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added: And as extending the ground of public confidence in the Government, will best ensure the beneficent ends of its institution. RESOLVED by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, two thirds of both Houses concurring, that the following Articles be proposed to the Legislatures of the several States, as amendments to the Constitution of the United States, all, or any of which Articles, when ratified by three fourths of the said Legislatures, to be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of the said Constitution; viz. ARTICLES in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth Article of the original Constitution.

Amendment I Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Amendment II A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. Amendment III No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Amendment IV The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Amendment V No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. Amendment VI In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence. Amendment VII In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. Amendment VIII Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Amendment IX The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Amendment X The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.